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虛擬語氣

作(zuò)者:張冬玉 來源:語(yǔ)法學習(xí) 發布時間(jiān):2015年04月24日

一.虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法:

    條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實條件句兩種(zhǒng)。

1. 在條件句中的應用

條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實條件句,一類為非真實條件(jiàn)句。

A 真實條(tiáo)件句

真實條件句(jù)用於陳述語氣,假設(shè)的情(qíng)況可能發生。

時態關係

句型:條件(jiàn)從(cóng)句       主句

      一般現在時     shall/will+動詞原形

If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例題

The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.

A. will rain    B. rains    C. rained    D. is rained

答案B。真(zhēn)實條(tiáo)件句主句為將來時,從句用一般現在時。

注意

(1)       在真(zhēn)實條件句中,主句不能用be going to表示將來,該用shall, will.

(2)       表(biǎo)示真理時,主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用shall(will)+動詞原形,而直接用一般現在時的動詞(cí)形式。

B 非真實條件句

 非真實條(tiáo)件句所表的假設則是不可能或不(bú)大可能發生或實現的,句(jù)中的(de)條(tiáo)件從句與結果主句皆用虛擬語氣。

 

條件(jiàn)從句的謂語形式

主語的謂語從句形式

與現在事實相反

If 主語+動詞(cí)過去式

主語 +should/would/could/

might+動詞原形

與過去事實(shí)相反

If 主語+had +動詞過去

分詞

主語+should/would/could/

might+have+過(guò)去分詞

與將來事實相反

If 主語+動詞過去式

+should+動詞原形

+were to +動詞原形

主語+should/would/could

might+動詞(cí)原形

1. 表(biǎo)示跟現在事實相反

  從句的謂語用動詞的過去式(shì)(be的過(guò)去式(shì)用were),構成If I (we, you, he, they)+動詞過去式的形式;

If I were you, I should (would, could, might)tell him the truth.

 If he had time, he would (could, might) go with you.

2. 與過去的事實相(xiàng)反

   從句的謂語用had+過去分詞,構成If I (we, you, he, they)+had+過去分詞的形式;主句的謂語用should(第一人稱)/would(第二、三人稱)/could/might have +動詞過去分詞(cí)。

如果你仔細一點, 這(zhè)個錯誤是可以避(bì)免的. 例如:

If I had time last night, I should have come to see you.

He would never have behaved like that if he had had a good education.

3. 與將來事實相反

    從句(jù)的謂語用(yòng)If I (we, you, he, they) +動詞過去式或were to do 或should do 形式,主句謂語用should(第一(yī)人稱)/would(第二、三人(rén)稱)/could/ might +動詞原形(xíng)。例如:

If he were to come, what should we say to him.

If we climbed to the top of the mountain, should we get a good view?

4. If從句中若含有should, had 或者were,那麽(me)就可以把它們放在句首,與主語顛(diān)倒形成(chéng)倒裝,但動詞過去式(shì)不可以與主語倒裝。例如:

Were he here, he would come to help us.

Had you been here just now, you would have met her.

5. 當條件狀語從句表示的(de)行為和主句表示的行為所發生(shēng)的時(shí)間不一致時,被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時間條件句(jù)”,動詞的形(xíng)式要(yào)根據它所表示的時間作出相(xiàng)應的調整。例如(rú):

If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.

If I were not busy, I would have come.

6. 用介詞短語代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。常用的介詞由with, without, but for等。例如:

We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we hadn’t got your help)

7. 含蓄條件句

有時為了表達的需要(yào),在虛擬語氣中(zhōng)並不總是出現if引導的條件句,而通過其他手段代替(tì)條件句。例如:

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.(副(fù)詞)

He telephonesd to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .(連詞)

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